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Through the ADventures in Law Blog, BakerHostetler’s Advertising, Marketing, and Digital Media team provides updates and analysis on legal issues and trends in the advertising and marketing industry.

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The use of noncompetes is now shifting across the country. Many states are limiting the use of noncompetes. Several states have enacted or are considering prohibitions on noncompetes. Nationally, the Federal Trade Commission is engaging in a rulemaking that could ban noncompete agreements between employers and employees. What does all of this mean for your business? Are there alternatives to noncompetes that can protect your business?

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BakerHostetler has created this resource, which summarizes cases addressing copyright protection for computer software.

contentpilot/introduction

<p class="wp-block-contentpilot-introduction">BakerHostetler has created this resource, which summarizes cases addressing copyright protection for computer software.</p>

This resource digests case decisions addressing copyright protection of non-literal elements of computer programs, organizing the decisions by whether they extended or rejected such protection, and includes a section identifying cases based on the type of non-literal element at issue.

core/paragraph

<p>This resource digests case decisions addressing copyright protection of non-literal elements of computer programs, organizing the decisions by whether they extended or rejected such protection, and includes a section identifying cases based on the type of non-literal element at issue. </p>

We have published a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.copyrightcontentplatforms.com/2018/01/2017-the-year-in-which-copyright-went-beyond-source-code/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blog post</a>&nbsp;that provides more context for this resource as well

<p>We have published a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.copyrightcontentplatforms.com/2018/01/2017-the-year-in-which-copyright-went-beyond-source-code/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blog post</a>&nbsp;that provides more context for this resource as well</p>

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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Protectable/Unprotectable </h2>


Case decisions organized by federal circuit and protectable status.

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<p>Case decisions organized by federal circuit and protectable status.</p>

<div class="wp-block-column"><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Protectable/Unprotectable </h2><p>Case decisions organized by federal circuit and protectable status.</p></div>

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Cases decisions organized by relevant software element and protectable status.

<p>Cases decisions organized by relevant software element and protectable status.</p>

<div class="wp-block-column"><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Compute</h2><p>Cases decisions organized by relevant software element and protectable status.</p></div>

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<div class="wp-block-columns is-style-container"><div class="wp-block-column"><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Protectable/Unprotectable </h2><p>Case decisions organized by federal circuit and protectable status.</p></div><div class="wp-block-column"><figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img src="https://admin.bakerlawstaging.contentpilot.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Asset.png" alt="" class="wp-image-26464" width="391" height="368"/></figure></div><div class="wp-block-column"><h2 class="wp-block-heading">Compute</h2><p>Cases decisions organized by relevant software element and protectable status.</p></div></div>

For further questions or feedback, contact&nbsp;<a href="https://bakerlawstaging.contentpilot.net/ChadARutkowski">Chad Rutkowski</a>&nbsp;at 215.564.8910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:crutkowski@bakerlaw.com">crutkowski@bakerlaw.com</a>.

<p>For further questions or feedback, contact&nbsp;<a href="https://bakerlawstaging.contentpilot.net/ChadARutkowski">Chad Rutkowski</a>&nbsp;at 215.564.8910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:crutkowski@bakerlaw.com">crutkowski@bakerlaw.com</a>.</p>

<em>Protectable</em>

Case decisions organized by federal circuit

In a village of La Mancha, the name of which I have no desire to call to mind, there lived not long since one of those gentlemen that keep a lance in the lance-rack, an old buckler, a lean hack, and a greyhound for coursing.

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<p>Case decisions organized by federal circuit</p>

1st Circuit

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Business & Corporate

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Accordion

McEnroe v. Mantissa Corp., 2016 WL 7799636 (D. Mass. Feb. 29, 2016)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">McEnroe v. Mantissa Corp., 2016 WL 7799636 (D. Mass. Feb. 29, 2016)</h2>


Elements of Software that control movements of an item through a warehouse:

<p>Elements of Software that control movements of an item through a warehouse:</p>

An organized collection of items displayed in a specific order.

core/list

List


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>order of field names, and</li>



<li>action codes.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>order of field names, and</li><li>action codes.</li></ol>

Maddog Software, Inc. v. Sklader, 382 F. Supp. 2d 268 (D.N.H. 2005)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Maddog Software, Inc. v. Sklader, 382 F. Supp. 2d 268 (D.N.H. 2005)</h2>


Modification of Microsoft Access database forms subject to protection because of expressive choices "as to what buttons and fields to include" and choices of forms to include in freight dispatch and billing program. &nbsp;

<p>Modification of Microsoft Access database forms subject to protection because of expressive choices "as to what buttons and fields to include" and choices of forms to include in freight dispatch and billing program. &nbsp;</p>

Real View, LLC v. 20-20 Techs., Inc., 683 F. Supp. 2d 147 (D. Mass. 2010)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Real View, LLC v. 20-20 Techs., Inc., 683 F. Supp. 2d 147 (D. Mass. 2010)</h2>


Elements of CAD software for designing home kitchens:

<p>Elements of CAD software for designing home kitchens:</p>


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>screen display and UI;</li>



<li>dialog box enabling input of characteristics in kitchen design program as part of compilation relating to screen display and UI;</li>



<li>display settings box insofar as part of compilation.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>screen display and UI;</li><li>dialog box enabling input of characteristics in kitchen design program as part of compilation relating to screen display and UI;</li><li>display settings box insofar as part of compilation.</li></ol>

<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">1st Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content">













</div></details>

<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">1st Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">McEnroe v. Mantissa Corp., 2016 WL 7799636 (D. Mass. Feb. 29, 2016)</h2><p>Elements of Software that control movements of an item through a warehouse:</p><ol><li>order of field names, and</li><li>action codes.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Maddog Software, Inc. v. Sklader, 382 F. Supp. 2d 268 (D.N.H. 2005)</h2><p>Modification of Microsoft Access database forms subject to protection because of expressive choices "as to what buttons and fields to include" and choices of forms to include in freight dispatch and billing program. &nbsp;</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Real View, LLC v. 20-20 Techs., Inc., 683 F. Supp. 2d 147 (D. Mass. 2010)</h2><p>Elements of CAD software for designing home kitchens:</p><ol><li>screen display and UI;</li><li>dialog box enabling input of characteristics in kitchen design program as part of compilation relating to screen display and UI;</li><li>display settings box insofar as part of compilation.</li></ol></div></details>

2nd Circuit

Cognotec Servs., Ltd. v. Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of New York, 862 F. Supp. 45 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Cognotec Servs., Ltd. v. Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of New York, 862 F. Supp. 45 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)</h2>


SSO of program used to manage foreign currency exchange.

<p>SSO of program used to manage foreign currency exchange.</p>

eScholar, LLC v. Otis Educ. Sys., 2005 WL 2977569 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2005)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">eScholar, LLC v. Otis Educ. Sys., 2005 WL 2977569 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2005)</h2>


Elements of a data warehouse model: selection, coordination, and arrangements of the fields and entities of a data model for an education data-related computer program.

<p>Elements of a data warehouse model: selection, coordination, and arrangements of the fields and entities of a data model for an education data-related computer program.</p>

Harbor Software, Inc. v. Applied Sys., Inc., 925 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Harbor Software, Inc. v. Applied Sys., Inc., 925 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)</h2>


Features of customer relations management software:

<p>Features of customer relations management software:</p>


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>data flow within modules;</li>



<li>selection and organization of database fields;</li>



<li>flow chart describing relationships between modules and databases;</li>



<li>search structures;</li>



<li>Selection and arrangement of elements in screen reports and displays; and</li>



<li>flow chart depicting expressive choices as to steps taken in algorithm to calculate statistics.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>data flow within modules;</li><li>selection and organization of database fields;</li><li>flow chart describing relationships between modules and databases;</li><li>search structures;</li><li>Selection and arrangement of elements in screen reports and displays; and</li><li>flow chart depicting expressive choices as to steps taken in algorithm to calculate statistics.</li></ol>

Mfr.'s Techs., Inc. v. CAMS, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 984 (D. Conn. 1989)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mfr.'s Techs., Inc. v. CAMS, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 984 (D. Conn. 1989)</h2>


Features of software used in estimating costs of machining manufactured parts:

<p>Features of software used in estimating costs of machining manufactured parts:</p>


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>"External sequencing and flow of plaintiff's screen displays in the creating-an-estimate sequence constitutes copyrightable expression….";&nbsp;</li>



<li>method of identifying resources needed and in use to apprise user of project status; and</li>



<li>job identification screen.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>"External sequencing and flow of plaintiff's screen displays in the creating-an-estimate sequence constitutes copyrightable expression….";&nbsp;</li><li>method of identifying resources needed and in use to apprise user of project status; and</li><li>job identification screen.</li></ol>

Mktg. Tech. Sols., Inc. v. Medizine LLC, 2010 WL 2034404 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2010)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mktg. Tech. Sols., Inc. v. Medizine LLC, 2010 WL 2034404 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2010)</h2>


Algorithm used to compute ranking of success of marketing campaigns in healthcare marketing software.

<p>Algorithm used to compute ranking of success of marketing campaigns in healthcare marketing software.</p>

O.P. Sols., Inc. v. Intellectual Prop. Network, Ltd., 1999 WL 47191 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 1999)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">O.P. Sols., Inc. v. Intellectual Prop. Network, Ltd., 1999 WL 47191 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 1999)</h2>


Elements of patent and trademark prosecution software:

<p>Elements of patent and trademark prosecution software:</p>


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>screen displays,</li>



<li>action grids,</li>



<li>data compilations, and</li>



<li>data tables.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>screen displays,</li><li>action grids,</li><li>data compilations, and</li><li>data tables.</li></ol>

Wireless TV Studios, Inc. v. Digital Dispatch Sys., Inc., 2008 WL 2474626 (E.D.N.Y. June 19, 2008)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Wireless TV Studios, Inc. v. Digital Dispatch Sys., Inc., 2008 WL 2474626 (E.D.N.Y. June 19, 2008)</h2>


<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">2nd Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content">































</div></details>

<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">2nd Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Cognotec Servs., Ltd. v. Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of New York, 862 F. Supp. 45 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)</h2><p>SSO of program used to manage foreign currency exchange.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">eScholar, LLC v. Otis Educ. Sys., 2005 WL 2977569 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2005)</h2><p>Elements of a data warehouse model: selection, coordination, and arrangements of the fields and entities of a data model for an education data-related computer program.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Harbor Software, Inc. v. Applied Sys., Inc., 925 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)</h2><p>Features of customer relations management software:</p><ol><li>data flow within modules;</li><li>selection and organization of database fields;</li><li>flow chart describing relationships between modules and databases;</li><li>search structures;</li><li>Selection and arrangement of elements in screen reports and displays; and</li><li>flow chart depicting expressive choices as to steps taken in algorithm to calculate statistics.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mfr.'s Techs., Inc. v. CAMS, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 984 (D. Conn. 1989)</h2><p>Features of software used in estimating costs of machining manufactured parts:</p><ol><li>"External sequencing and flow of plaintiff's screen displays in the creating-an-estimate sequence constitutes copyrightable expression….";&nbsp;</li><li>method of identifying resources needed and in use to apprise user of project status; and</li><li>job identification screen.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mktg. Tech. Sols., Inc. v. Medizine LLC, 2010 WL 2034404 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2010)</h2><p>Algorithm used to compute ranking of success of marketing campaigns in healthcare marketing software.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">O.P. Sols., Inc. v. Intellectual Prop. Network, Ltd., 1999 WL 47191 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 1999)</h2><p>Elements of patent and trademark prosecution software:</p><ol><li>screen displays,</li><li>action grids,</li><li>data compilations, and</li><li>data tables.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Wireless TV Studios, Inc. v. Digital Dispatch Sys., Inc., 2008 WL 2474626 (E.D.N.Y. June 19, 2008)</h2><p>Screen displays as compilations.</p></div></details>

3rd Circuit

Air Express Int'l v. LOG-NET, Inc., 2019 WL 1441195 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2019)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Air Express Int'l v. LOG-NET, Inc., 2019 WL 1441195 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2019)</h2>


Elements of software related to trade, transportation, logistics, and supply chain management:

<p>Elements of software related to trade, transportation, logistics, and supply chain management:</p>


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>table names,</li>



<li>field names,</li>



<li>database schema, and</li>



<li>field lengths.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>table names,</li><li>field names,</li><li>database schema, and</li><li>field lengths.</li></ol>

Clarity Software, LLC v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2006 WL 2346292 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2006)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Clarity Software, LLC v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2006 WL 2346292 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2006)</h2>


Screen displays of retirement and estate planning tool.

<p>Screen displays of retirement and estate planning tool.</p>

FedEx Ground Package Sys. v. Applications Int'l Corp., 2008 WL 4279751 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 12, 2008)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">FedEx Ground Package Sys. v. Applications Int'l Corp., 2008 WL 4279751 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 12, 2008)</h2>


Database of&nbsp; employee safety record management software as output of source code.

<p>Database of&nbsp; employee safety record management software as output of source code.</p>

Syngy, Inc. v. ZS Assocs., Inc., 2015 WL 899408 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2015)


<h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Syngy, Inc. v. ZS Assocs., Inc., 2015 WL 899408 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2015)</h2>


Elements of software used to track salesman compensation incentivization:

<p>Elements of software used to track salesman compensation incentivization:</p>


<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>macros, and</li>



<li>incentive compensation report scorecards.</li>
</ol>


<ol><li>macros, and</li><li>incentive compensation report scorecards.</li></ol>

<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">3rd Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content">





























</div></details>

<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">3rd Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Air Express Int'l v. LOG-NET, Inc., 2019 WL 1441195 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2019)</h2><p>Elements of software related to trade, transportation, logistics, and supply chain management:</p><ol><li>table names,</li><li>field names,</li><li>database schema, and</li><li>field lengths.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Clarity Software, LLC v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2006 WL 2346292 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2006)</h2><p>Screen displays of retirement and estate planning tool.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">FedEx Ground Package Sys. v. Applications Int'l Corp., 2008 WL 4279751 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 12, 2008)</h2><p>Database of&nbsp; employee safety record management software as output of source code.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Syngy, Inc. v. ZS Assocs., Inc., 2015 WL 899408 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2015)</h2><p>Elements of software used to track salesman compensation incentivization:</p><ol><li>macros, and</li><li>incentive compensation report scorecards.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc., 863 F. Supp. 2d 394 (D.N.J. 2012)</h2><p>Elements of video game software:</p><ol><li>color and shape (combinations of four squares);</li><li>movement of falling bricks in video game;</li><li>display of "garbage" lines, appearance of "ghost"/shadow pieces;</li><li>display of next piece to fall, change in color of pieces when lock, square filling in at end of game; and</li><li>falling geometric shapes that accumulate at the bottom of the screen and effect of failing to guide them into place succesfully, as dictated by rules protectable as an audiovisual work.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Whelan Assocs., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab., Inc., 797 F.2d 1222 (3d Cir. 1986)</h2><p>Features of dental office management software:</p><ol><li>SSO;</li><li>file stuctures that convey information;</li><li>screen outputs, but only as evidence of copying the underlying program (though not direct copying of code); and</li><li>subroutines.</li></ol></div></details>

<details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h2 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title"><em>Protectable</em></h2></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><p>Case decisions organized by federal circuit</p><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">1st Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">McEnroe v. Mantissa Corp., 2016 WL 7799636 (D. Mass. Feb. 29, 2016)</h2><p>Elements of Software that control movements of an item through a warehouse:</p><ol><li>order of field names, and</li><li>action codes.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Maddog Software, Inc. v. Sklader, 382 F. Supp. 2d 268 (D.N.H. 2005)</h2><p>Modification of Microsoft Access database forms subject to protection because of expressive choices "as to what buttons and fields to include" and choices of forms to include in freight dispatch and billing program. &nbsp;</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Real View, LLC v. 20-20 Techs., Inc., 683 F. Supp. 2d 147 (D. Mass. 2010)</h2><p>Elements of CAD software for designing home kitchens:</p><ol><li>screen display and UI;</li><li>dialog box enabling input of characteristics in kitchen design program as part of compilation relating to screen display and UI;</li><li>display settings box insofar as part of compilation.</li></ol></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">2nd Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Cognotec Servs., Ltd. v. Morgan Guar. Trust Co. of New York, 862 F. Supp. 45 (S.D.N.Y. 1994)</h2><p>SSO of program used to manage foreign currency exchange.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">eScholar, LLC v. Otis Educ. Sys., 2005 WL 2977569 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 3, 2005)</h2><p>Elements of a data warehouse model: selection, coordination, and arrangements of the fields and entities of a data model for an education data-related computer program.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Harbor Software, Inc. v. Applied Sys., Inc., 925 F. Supp. 1042 (S.D.N.Y. 1996)</h2><p>Features of customer relations management software:</p><ol><li>data flow within modules;</li><li>selection and organization of database fields;</li><li>flow chart describing relationships between modules and databases;</li><li>search structures;</li><li>Selection and arrangement of elements in screen reports and displays; and</li><li>flow chart depicting expressive choices as to steps taken in algorithm to calculate statistics.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mfr.'s Techs., Inc. v. CAMS, Inc., 706 F. Supp. 984 (D. Conn. 1989)</h2><p>Features of software used in estimating costs of machining manufactured parts:</p><ol><li>"External sequencing and flow of plaintiff's screen displays in the creating-an-estimate sequence constitutes copyrightable expression….";&nbsp;</li><li>method of identifying resources needed and in use to apprise user of project status; and</li><li>job identification screen.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mktg. Tech. Sols., Inc. v. Medizine LLC, 2010 WL 2034404 (S.D.N.Y. May 18, 2010)</h2><p>Algorithm used to compute ranking of success of marketing campaigns in healthcare marketing software.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">O.P. Sols., Inc. v. Intellectual Prop. Network, Ltd., 1999 WL 47191 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 2, 1999)</h2><p>Elements of patent and trademark prosecution software:</p><ol><li>screen displays,</li><li>action grids,</li><li>data compilations, and</li><li>data tables.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Wireless TV Studios, Inc. v. Digital Dispatch Sys., Inc., 2008 WL 2474626 (E.D.N.Y. June 19, 2008)</h2><p>Screen displays as compilations.</p></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">3rd Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Air Express Int'l v. LOG-NET, Inc., 2019 WL 1441195 (D.N.J. Mar. 31, 2019)</h2><p>Elements of software related to trade, transportation, logistics, and supply chain management:</p><ol><li>table names,</li><li>field names,</li><li>database schema, and</li><li>field lengths.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Clarity Software, LLC v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 2006 WL 2346292 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2006)</h2><p>Screen displays of retirement and estate planning tool.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">FedEx Ground Package Sys. v. Applications Int'l Corp., 2008 WL 4279751 (W.D. Pa. Sept. 12, 2008)</h2><p>Database of&nbsp; employee safety record management software as output of source code.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Syngy, Inc. v. ZS Assocs., Inc., 2015 WL 899408 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 3, 2015)</h2><p>Elements of software used to track salesman compensation incentivization:</p><ol><li>macros, and</li><li>incentive compensation report scorecards.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Tetris Holding, LLC v. Xio Interactive, Inc., 863 F. Supp. 2d 394 (D.N.J. 2012)</h2><p>Elements of video game software:</p><ol><li>color and shape (combinations of four squares);</li><li>movement of falling bricks in video game;</li><li>display of "garbage" lines, appearance of "ghost"/shadow pieces;</li><li>display of next piece to fall, change in color of pieces when lock, square filling in at end of game; and</li><li>falling geometric shapes that accumulate at the bottom of the screen and effect of failing to guide them into place succesfully, as dictated by rules protectable as an audiovisual work.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Whelan Assocs., Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab., Inc., 797 F.2d 1222 (3d Cir. 1986)</h2><p>Features of dental office management software:</p><ol><li>SSO;</li><li>file stuctures that convey information;</li><li>screen outputs, but only as evidence of copying the underlying program (though not direct copying of code); and</li><li>subroutines.</li></ol></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">4th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">SAS Inst. v. World Programming, Ltd., 2012 WL 5844910 (E.D.N.C. Oct. 18, 2012)</h2><p>Elements of code decompiler software:</p><ol><li>Program operations;</li><li>syntax and command structure; and</li><li>user manual.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Secureinfo Corp. v. Telos Corp., 387 F. Supp. 2d 593 (E.D. Va. 2005)</h2><p>User manuals and outputs of program used to ensure cybersecurity compliance:</p><ol><li>QuickStart Guide;</li><li>matrix of regulations;</li><li>template of tests that must be passed to ensure compliance; and</li><li>template to assist in securing IT systems.</li><li></li></ol></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">5th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Digital Drilling Data Sys. LLC v. Petrolink Servs. Inc., 2018 WL 2267139 (S.D. Tex. May 16, 2018)</h2><p>Schema of software that assists oil and gas companies in their efforts to accurately steer drill bits into specific targets thousands of feet underground</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Compaq Comp. Corp. v. Procom Tech., Inc., 908 F. Supp. 1409 (S.D. Tex. 1995)</h2><p>Compilation of server failure warning threshhold values.&nbsp;</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Eng'g Dynamics, Inc. v. Structural Software, Inc., 26 F.3d 1335 (5th Cir. 1994)</h2><p>Features of software for analyzing structural integrity of buildings, including input and output format of user interface as non-literal element of user manual.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Gen. Universal Sys., Inc. v. Lee, 379 F.3d 131 (5th Cir. 2004)</h2><p>Features of software program used in tracking freight: SSO and UI potentially copyrightable.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Positive Software Sols., Inc. v. New Century Mortg. Corp., 259 F. Supp. 2d 531 (N.D. Tex. 2003)</h2><p>SQL Data Structures for mortgage loan database.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Synercom Tech., Inc. v. Univ. Computing Co., 462 F. Supp. 1003 (N.D. Tex. 1978)</h2><p>User manual for software used in structural engineering analysis.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Versata Software, Inc. v. Infosys Techs. Ltd., 2013 WL 12385035 (W.D. Tex. Sept. 6, 2013)</h2><p>SSO of financial services management software in context of copyright preemption analysis.</p></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">6th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Gutierrez v. CogScreen, LLC, 2017 WL 8727627 (W.D. Tenn. Dec. 5, 2017)</h2><p>Screen displays of pilot-testing software</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Consul Tec, Inc. v. Interface Sys., Inc., 1991 WL 427891 (E.D. Mich. Oct. 31, 1991)</h2><p>Features of file transmission software:</p><ol><li>compilation of commands;</li><li>command line syntax; and</li><li>status message codes.</li></ol></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">7th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Napoli v. Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co., 874 F. Supp. 206 (N.D. Ill. 1995), vacated pursuant to settlement of parties, 926 F. Supp. 780 (N.D. Ill. 1996)</h2><p>Screen displays of home goods service optimization software.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Woods v. Resnick, 725 F. Supp. 2d 809 (W.D. Wis. 2010)</h2><p>Screen displays and screen menus of automobile financing software.&nbsp; But here, a showing was not made that elements were original expression.</p></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">8th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Control Data Sys., Inc. v. Infoware, Inc., 903 F. Supp. 1316 (D. Minn. 1995)</h2><p>Features of an opearting system:</p><ul><li>input and output formats;</li><li>file layouts;</li><li>source code parameters; and</li><li>commands.</li></ul><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Schultz v. Lost Nation Booster Club, 2014 WL 10038777 (S.D. Iowa Oct. 14, 2014)</h2><p>Visual appearance of website - protectable, but not protected in this case because plaintiff only had (literary) copyright in HTML code of website and had not deposited visual appearance reproductions with Register for a (audiovisual) copyright.</p></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">9th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">SellPoolSuppliesOnline.com LLC V. Ugly Pools Arizona Inc., 2017 WL 6420464 (D. Ariz. Jun. 9, 2017)SellPoolSuppliesOnline.com LLC V. Ugly Pools Arizona Inc., 2017 WL 6420464 (D. Ariz. Jun. 9, 2017)</h2><p>Impermissibly copying and creating a derivative of a pre-made website that was marketed to those that wanted to make a website for their business, where the protectable elements of the pre-made website included the "coding" and information about the "file structure."&nbsp; The pre-made website included: a compilation of programs, representations, originally authored works, writings, photos, and computer architecture and design.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Ticketmaster L.L.C. v. Prestige Entm't West, Inc., 315 F. Supp. 3d 1147 (C.D. Cal. 2018)</h2><p>Impermissibly copying a website for selling tickets for live entertainment events.&nbsp; The non-literal elements being the individual audiovisual components of the website, including the website's logos, images, fonts, videos and sound effects.&nbsp; The website's dynamic nonliteral elements including the experience of the website as presented to individual users.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Broderbund Software. Inc., v. Unison World, Inc., 648 F. Supp. 1127 (N.D. Cal. 1986)</h2><p>Features of greeting card creation software: 1) the menu screens, 2) the sequence of screens, and 3) the overall layout.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Capcom U.S.A., Inc. v. Data E. Corp., 1994 WL 1751482 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 1994)</h2><p>Features of marital arts fighting video game: 1) concrete details of certain expressive characters, and 2) character fight moves.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Design Data Corp. v. Unigate Enter., Inc., 847 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2017)</h2><p>CAD drawings and models potentially protectable as output of source code if evidence presented that program did the "lion's share" of the work.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Interactive Network, Inc. v. NTN Commc'ns, Inc., 875 F. Supp. 1398 (N.D. Cal. 1995)</h2><p>Features of interactive predictive statistics football game software:</p><ol><li>data feed structure, and</li><li>aspects of scoring system.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Phoenix Control Sys., Inc., 886 F.2d 1173 (9th Cir. 1989)</h2><p>SSO of program to control wastewater treatment plants.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Lilith Games (Shanghai) Co. v. uCool, Inc., 2015 WL 5591612 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2015)</h2><p>Features of video game:</p><ol><li>Structure, function calls, parameter values; and</li><li>user interface.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">MDY Indus., LLC v. Blizzard Entm't, Inc., 2011 WL 538748 (9th Cir. Feb. 17, 2011)</h2><p>In context of §1201 violation regarding access to video game software, individual non-literal elements: discrete visual and audible components of world of warcraft game; and dynamic non-literal elements: "real-time experience of traveling through different worlds, hearing their sounds, viewing their strutures, encountering their inhabitants and monters, and encountering other players."</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Merch. Transaction Sys. v. Nelcela, Inc., 2009 WL 723001 (D. Ariz. Mar. 18, 2009)</h2><p>Aspects of retail sales transaction software:</p><ol><li>Tasks performed by software system including authorizing, processing, and storing credit card transactions and date;</li><li>the computer platform on which the system is designed to operate;</li><li>&nbsp;the design and layout of the system; and</li><li>the database used by the system including table and column names and data types.&nbsp;</li></ol></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">10th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Gates Rubber Co. v. Bando Chemical Indus., Ltd., 9 F.3d 823 (10th Cir. 1993)</h2><p>Features of software program used in selecting rubber belts for industrial machines:</p><ol><li>control flow and data flow potentially copyrightable expression;</li><li>menu and sorting criteria potentially copyrightable expression;</li><li>engineering and design modules potentially copyrightable expression; and</li><li>install files potentially copyrightable expression.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Autoskill, Inc. v. Nat'l Educ. Support Sys. Inc., 793 F. Supp. 1557 (D.N.M. 1992)</h2><p>Sequence, structure, and organization of software program used to aid reading comprehension, including: 1) approach in diagnosing reader subtypes; 2) presentation of student performance profile data; 3) utilization of bottom-up progression method; 4) multiple choice testing groupings; and 5) use of training to deficit approach.</p></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">11th Circuit</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">CMAX/Cleveland, Inc. v. UCR, Inc., 804 F. Supp. 337 (M.D. Ga. 1992)</h2><p>Features of inventory and agreement tracking software for use in rental industry:</p><ol><li>Sequence of field definitions;</li><li>file structures;</li><li>screens and reports; and</li><li>transaction codes.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Digital Commc'ns Assocs., Inc. v. Softklone Distrib. Corp., 659 F. Supp. 449 (N.D. Ga. 1987)</h2><p>Features of computer networking software:</p><ol><li>arrangement of parameter/command terms on a status screen, and</li><li>abbreviating commands by highlighting and capitalizing two letters of command.</li></ol><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Mitek Holdings, Inc. v. Arce Eng'g Co., 864 F. Supp. 1568 (S.D. Fla. 1994)</h2><p>Elements of software used in designing building trusses:</p><ol><li>shorthand method of entering data;</li><li>unique depiction of physical space;</li><li>unique graphics positioning tool; and</li><li>unique depiction of 3D graphics.&nbsp;</li></ol></div></details><details class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion"><summary><h3 class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__title">DC/Federal</h3></summary><div class="wp-block-contentpilot-accordion__content"><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">DSMC, Inc. v. Convera Corp., 479 F. Supp. 2d 68 (D.D.C. 2007)</h2><p>Database Schema used to catalog audiovisual content.</p><h2 class="wp-block-heading is-style-separator">Oracle Am., Inc. v. Google, Inc., 750 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2014)</h2><p>SSO of API packages for interoperability software platform.</p></div></details></div></details>